- "I fear it would be of little interest to you, my lord, a ponderous tome..."
- ―Grand Maester Pycelle to Eddard Stark
The Lineages and Histories of the Great Houses of the Seven Kingdoms, With Descriptions of Many High Lords and Noble Ladies and Their Children[1] is a book detailing the history of the Great Houses of the Seven Kingdoms, including the lineage and appearance of all heirs, with illustrations of each house's individual sigil.
The book not only lists the lineages of the "Great Houses" which rule each of the Seven Kingdoms (such as House Baratheon and House Targaryen), but also other major noble houses such as House Umber and House Blackfyre.
It is quite a ponderous tome; arranged as a chronicle instead of a narrative, it is primarily concerned with dates, marriages, and lines of descent. Persons mentioned in the book are also given brief physical descriptions (from surviving sources), along with important general facts about their lives and the manner of their deaths.[2]
History[]
Game of Thrones: Season 1[]
Jon Arryn asked Pycelle for the book shortly before his death. When hearing of his old mentor's interest in the tome, Eddard Stark borrows it from Pycelle as well.[2]
Some time later, Varys mentions to Illyrio Mopatis that Lord Stark "has the book" and that events will unfold as expected, leading to war.[3]
After Sansa comments that Joffrey has blonde hair and does not resemble Robert, Ned checks the Lineage and Histories, and discovers that all members of House Baratheon are described as "black of hair", except for the "golden headed" Joffrey. This discovery, coupled with Robert's bastard son, the black-haired Gendry, claiming that his mother was blonde, leads Ned to realize that Joffrey and his siblings are not Robert's biological children, and thus not his rightful heirs.[4]
Excerpts[]
House Umber, first visible page[]
- HOTHOR UMBER, second of his name, born to Lord DARAGH UMBER and Lady MORAG UMBER in the 162nd year after Aegon's Landing, at the Last Hearth. Blue of eye, brown of hair, ruddy of complexion. Wed to Lady AMARYLIS MANDERLY, she of House Manderly at White Harbour.[sic] Father to five sons, their names being HARKON, MYCAH, LUCAN, GARETH and JOSETH and two daughters, their names of being[sic] REGAN and CORIN.
- HARKON UMBER, first of his name, born to Lord HOTHOR UMBER and Lady AMARYLIS UMBER in the 183rd year after Aegon's Landing at the Last Hearth. Blue of eye, brown of hair and fair complected. Died in his fourteenth year of wounds sustained in a bear hunt.
- MYCAH UMBER, second of his name, born to Lord HOTHOR UMBER and Lady AMARYLIS UMBER in the 190th year after 190th year[sic] after Aegon's Landing at the Last Hearth. Brown of eye, light brown of hair and fair complected. Swore himself to the Brotherhood of the Night's Watch in his thirtieth year. Died in his thirty-fifth year north of Castle Black in a skirmish with outlaw tribes.
- LUCAN UMBER, first of his name, born to Lord HOTHOR UMBER and Lady AMARYLIS UMBER in the 193rd year after Aegon's Landing at the Last Hearth. Brown of eye, brown of hair and fair complected. Died in his third year from a fever.
- GARETH UMBER, second of his name, born to Lord HOTHOR UMBER and Lady AMARYLIS UMBER in the 196th year after Aegon's Landing at the Last Hearth. Brown of eye, brown of hair with a deformity of his left hand. Wedded on his twenty-fourth nameday to Lady HOLLYS TALLHART, daughter of Lord TYREK TALLHART and Lady PETRA TALLHART at the Last Hearth. Father to three sons, their names being BRANDON, KEAR, FINN and two daughters, their names being EMILIA and MORGANA. Died in his sixtieth year of a severe chill.
- JOSETH UMBER, second of his name, born to Lord HOTHOR UMBER and Lady AMARYLIS UMBER in the 198th year after Aegon's Landing at the Last Hearth. Brown of eye, brown of hair, and fair complected. Wedded on his eighteenth nameday to Lady KATRINA CERWYN daughter of Lord CLEOS UMBER and Lady VIVIAN CERWYN at Cerwyn. Father to two sons, their names being MAYNARD and CEDRIC. Died in his fortieth year from wounds sustained in tourney melee.
- REGAN UMBER, born to Lord HOTHOR UMBER and Lady AMARYLIS UMBER in the 186th year after Aegon's Landing, at the Last Hearth. Blue of eye, dark brown of hair and fair complected. Wedded on her seventeenth nameday to TOMMARD KARSTARK, third of his name, son of Lord BERIC KARSTARK and Lady MARA KARSTARK at Karhold. Mother of five sons, their names being BERRICAN, UTHOR, PETYR, JON, and LAURENCE. Died peacefully in her sleep in her seventieth year.
- CORIN UMBER, born to Lord HOTHOR UMBER and Lady AMARYLIS UMBER in the 200th year after [end of page].
House Umber, second visible page[]
- Aegon's Landing at the Last Hearth. [obscure]
- BRANDON UMBER, third of his name, born to the late Lord GARETH UMBER and Lady HOLLYS UMBER in the 220th year after Aegon’s Landing at the Last Hearth. [Several obscure rows]. Fought and died in the Northern Wars. His last days [obscure].
- KEAR UMBER, first of his name, born to the late Lord GARETH UMBER and Lady HOLLYS UMBER in the 225th year after Aegon’s Landing at the Last Hearth. Brown of eye and dark brown of hair. [Several obscure rows]. Swore himself to the Brotherhood of the Night’s Watch in his [obscure] year. Found frozen to death beyond the Wall in his fiftieth year.
- FINN UMBER, fourth of his name, born to the late Lord GARETH UMBER and Lady HOLLYS UMBER in the 227th year after Aegon’s Landing at the Last Hearth. Brown of eye and fair of hair with fair complexion. Slender of frame and [obscure] of face. Wedded on his twentieth nameday to MARYA GREENLEAF, the daughter of the Warden of Last Hearth, MICKON GREENLEAF. Father to three daughters, their names being BENYA, TULIP and CAREN. Died in his forty-fourth year from poisoning by [obscure] at Tumbleton.
- IAIN UMBER, the second of his name, born to the late Lord GARETH UMBER and Lady HOLLYS UMBER in the 230th year after Aegon’s Landing at the Last Hearth. Green of eye and fair of hair, solid and strong of frame. Red complected. [obscure] and dangerous to cross. Wedded in his twenty-ninth year to Lady ARWEN SWANN, daughter of Lord ECTOR SWANN and ELEANOR SWANN at Longtable. Father of one son, his name also being IAIN, the third of his name. Spent most of his adult life fighting in the Northern Wars. A [obscure] opponent and loyals supporter to the Northern families. Died of wounds at Queenscrown in the New Gift, his age being forty years.
- EMILIA UMBER, born to the late Lord GARETH UMBER and Lady HOLLYS UMBER in the 228th year after Aegon's Landing at the Last Hearth. Brown of hair and hair, brown of hair and hair, fair of face and strong of frame. Doughty and stubborn of demeanor. Wedded on her twentieth year to Ser JORE BLACKBROW, son of Lord ERICH BLACKBROW and Lady CONN BLACKBROW. Mother to two sons, MAREK and HELOS. Died in childbirth, giving birth to her namesake, [obscure] old age.
- MORGANA UMBER, born to the late Lord GARETH UMBER and Lady HOLLYS UMBER in the 232nd year after Aegon's Landing at the Last Hearth. Brown of hair and eyes with a fierce and hostile demeanor. Slender of frame. Worked as courtier to her father and spent most of her life at King's Landing.
House Targaryen[]
- AEGON TARGARYEN, forth[sic] of his name, King of the Andals and the First Men, Lord Protector of the Seven Kingdoms. Born to VISERYS TARGARYEN, the second of his name, and VISNEYA TARGARYEN[sic] in the 135th year after Aegon's Landing at King's Landing. Violet of eye, silver of hair, wed in his thirtieth year to his sister NAERYS TARGARYEN. Crowned king in his thirty-seventh year upon the death of his father [row cut off].
- [Obscure left row]
- [Continuation of Aegon IV's entry on middle-left row] BLACKFYRE, AEGOR RIVERS, BRYNDEN RIVERS, and SHIERA SEASTARS.[sic] Died in his forty-ninth year of an unknown illness.
- DAERON, second of his name, King of the Andals and the First Men, Lord Protector of the Seven Kingdoms, born to AEGON TARGARYEN, the fourth of his name, and NAERYS TARGARYEN in the 159th year after Aegon's Landing at King's Landing. Purple-blue of eye, silver of hair, and rounded of shoulder. Wed to MYRIAH she of House MARTELL in his twentieth year at Sunspear. Crowned king in his twenty-fifth year upon the death of his father. Father to four sons, their names being BEALOR,[sic] AERYS, RHAEGAL[sic] and MAEKAR and one daughter, her name being AELINOR. Died in his fiftieth year of the Great Spring Sickness of 209.
- DAENERYS TARGARYEN, born to AEGON TARGARYEN, the fourth of his name, and NAERYS TARGARYEN in the 182nd year after Aegon's Landing, at King's Landing. Violet of eye, silver-gold of hair, and fair complected. Wed in her seventeenth year to Prince MARON, he of House MARTELL at Dragonstone. Died in childbirth in her twentieth year, the child stillborn.
- DAEMON BLACKFYRE, first of his name, born a bastard to King AEGON TARGARYEN, the fourth of his name and DAENA TARGARYEN in the 170th year after Aegon's Landing at King's Landing. Deep purple eyes, silver-gold of hair, and broad of shoulder. Legitimized by King AEGON upon his deathbed in the 184th year after Aegon's Landing. Wed to a peasant named SERENA. FATHER, to[sic] four[sic] known sons, their names being AEGON, AEMON and DAEMON. Rose up in rebellion against his half brother, DAERON, first of his name,[sic] and died in his twenty-sixth year from wounds sustained in battle on Redgrass Field.
- AEGON BLACKFYRE, first of his name, born to DAEMON and SERENA BLACKFYRE, twin brother of AEMON BLACKFYRE in the 183rd year after Aegon's Landing. Purple of eye and silver of hair. Died in his thirteenth year alongside his father on Redgrass Field, felled by an arrow.
- AEMON BLACKFYRE, first of his name, born to DAEMON and SERENA BLACKFYRE, twin brother of AEGON in the 183rd year after Aegon’s Landing. Purple of eye, silver of hair. Died in his thirteenth year alongside his father and brother on Redgrass Field, also felled by an arrow.
Note: The second page is a repetition of the first page, but adds Aemon Targaryen and Daemon II Blackfyre (whose year of birth is erroneous). These additional entries read:
- DEAMON[sic] BLACKFYRE, second of his name, born to DAEMON and SERENA BLACKFYRE in the 148th[sic] year after Aegon’s Landing. Gone into hiding and not seen since the Battle of Redgrass Field. Black of eye and hair.
- AEMON BLACKFYRE,[sic] called the DRAGONKNIGHT, the second of his name, Born to VISERYS and VISNEYA[sic] TARGARYEN in the 140th year after Aegon’s Landing. Died in his fortieth year from wounds sustained protecting his brother AEGON from assassination.
House Baratheon, first and second visible pages[]
- AXEL BARATHEON, first of his name, born to Lord ORYS BARATHEON and Lady ARGALIA BARATHEON,[sic] she that was daughter of ARGILAC the Arrogant, last of the Storm Kings in the 2nd year after Aegon's Landing. Brown of eye, black of hair, strong of bone and sinew. Wed to Lady ALANNA of House PENROSE in the 20th year after Aegon's Landing. Died in his forty-second year of wounds sustained in a duel over his wife's honour[sic] with STEFFON TRANT at Gallowsgrey having bore no issue.
- [Left row cut off].
- SERAC BARATHEON, first of his name, born to Lord ORYS BARATHEON and Lady ARGALIA[sic] BARATHEON, she that was daughter of ARGILAC the Arrogant, last of the Storm Kings, in the 5th year after Aegon's Landing at Storm's End. Brown of eye, black of hair, strong of bone and sinew. Wed to MONICA VELARYON in his seventeenth year at Driftmark. Father to five sons, their names being WILLIAM, REGINALD, STEFFON, PADRAIC and FLYNN. Died in his sixty-eighth year from a severe chill.
- MYCHAL BARATHEON, first of his name. Born to Lord ORYS BARATHEON and Lady ARGALIA[sic] BARATHEON, she that was daughter of ARGILAC the Arrogant, last of the Storm Kings, in the 11th year after Aegon's Landing at Storm's End. Brown of eye, black of hair, strong of bone and sinew. Knighted at King's Landing by Lord Commander SERWYN ERROL in his twenty-third year and appointed to the Kingsguard. Died in his thirtieth year from wounds sustained preventing an assassination attempt on his royal grace, King AENYS.
- ETHELIDE BARATHEON, born to Lord ORYS BARATHEON and Lady ARGALIA[sic] BARATHEON, she that was daughter of ARGILAC the Arrogant, last of the Storm Kings, in the 7th year after Aegon's Landing at Storm's End. Brown of eye, ebony-haired, bone-white complected. Eloped with a hedge knight in her fifteenth year and not seen again.
- THERESA BARATHEON, born to Lord ORYS BARATHEON and Lady ARGALIA[sic] BARATHEON, she that was daughter of ARGILAC the Arrogant, last of the Storm Kings, in the 9th year after Aegon's Landing at Storm's End. [Obscure]
- WILLIAM BARATHEON, born to Lord SERAC BARATHEON and Lady MONICA BARATHEON in the 23rd year after Aegon's Landing at Storm's End. Brown of hair and black of eye,[sic] strong in bone and sinew. Wed in his nineteenth year to MARTYNA MULLENDORE, she of House MULLENDORE, at Uplands. Father to twelve sons, their names being WILLIAM, JON, MARTYN, MACE, ORYS, THEODOR, BRYTE, TOMMAX, LORAX, BRUNE, GUDE and LEX, and three daughters, their names being WINEIRI, MIRIAM and ARGALIA.[sic] Died in his sixtieth year of a heart ailment.
Note: The second page is a repetition of the first page, but adds new obscured entries.
House Baratheon, third visible page[]
- ROBERT BARATHEON, first of his name, born to Lord STEFFON BARATHEON and Lady CASSANA BARATHEON at Storm's End in the 252nd year after Aegon's Landing. Black of hair, brown of eye, strong of bone and sinew. Wed to CERSEI of House LANNISTER at the Great Sept of Baelor in King's Landing.
- [Erroneous entry of William Baratheon] Brown of eye, black of hair, strong of bone and sinew. Wed in his nineteenth year to MARTYNA MULLENDORE, she of House MULLENDORE at Uplands.
- PADRAIC BARATHEON, first of his name, born to SERAC BARATHEON, Lord of Storm's End, and Lady MONICA BARATHEON in the 29th year after Aegon's Landing at Storm's End. [obscure]
- LYONEL BARATHEON, first of his name, born to Lord SYMEON BARATHEON and Lady MEERA BARATHEON at Storm's End in the 204th year after Aegon's Landing. Black of hair, brown of eye. Wed to RHAELLE of the House TARGARYEN at Summer Hall.[sic] Father of one son, his name being STEFFON.[sic] Died in his forty-fifth year of a fever.
- STEFFON BARATHEON, third of his name, born to Lord LYONEL BARATHEON[sic] and Lady RHAELLE BARATHEON at Storm's End in the 229th year after Aegon's Landing. Black of hair, brown of eye, strong of bone and sinew. Wed to CASSANA of the House ESTERMONT at Greenstone. Father to three sons, their names being ROBERT, STANNIS, and RENLEY.[sic] Died, alongside his Lady, in his forty-ninth year at Shipbreakers Bay[sic] when his ship, Windproud, was sunken in a raging storm.
- [Obscure repetition of Robert's entry]
- [Continuation of Robert's second entry] Crowned King of the Andals and the First Men, Lord of the Seven Kingdoms, and Protector of the Realm in the 280th year after Aegon's Landing. Father to two sons, their names being JOFFREY and TOMMEN, and one daughter, her name being MYRCELLA.
- JOFFREY BARATHEON, first of his name, born to King ROBERT BARATHEON and Queen CERSEI BARATHEON at King's Landing in the 289th[sic] year after Aegon's Landing. Golden-haired, green of eye, fair complected.
- TOMMEN BARATHEON, first of his name, born to King ROBERT BARATHEON and Queen CERSEI BARATHEON at King's Landing in the 289th year after Aegon's Landing. Golden-haired, green of eye, fair complected.
- MYRCELLA BARATHEON, first of her name, born to King ROBERT BARATHEON and Queen CERSEI BARATHEON at King's Landing in the 288th year after Aegon's Landing. Golden-haired, green of eye, fair complected.
House Royce[]
- MAYNARD ROYCE, second of his name, born to ROBAR ROYCE, Lord of Runestone, and Lady DIANA ROYCE in the 182nd year after Aegon's Landing at Runestone. Green of eye, flaxen haired. Wed in his eighteenth year to Lady MAVIS BELMORE, she of House BELMORE at Strongsong. Father to two sons, their names being ANDAR and PAXTER, and two daughters, their names being JUNIA and SERENA. Died in his thirty-eighth year of a fever.
- [cut off entry of Andar Royce] year after Aegon's Landing, at Runestone. Green of eye, flaxen haired with a winestain upon his left cheek......... Wed on his eighteenth nameday to Lady ELENA EGEN, daughter to Lord XANDER EGEN and Lady RUSALIA EGEN at Runestone. Father to three sons, their names being YOHN, MAXIM, and WAYMAR. Died in his sixty-eighth year of a fever.
- PAXTER ROYCE, third of his name, born to MAYNARD ROYCE, Lord of Runestone, and Lady MAVIS ROYCE in the 206th year after Aegon's Landing. Blue of eye, blonde of hair, and fair complected. Wedded in his twenty Murdered first year[sic] to Lady WYLLA WAYNWOOD at Ironoaks. Father to one daughter, EDWINA. Died in his fortieth year from an unknown illness.
- JUNIA ROYCE, born to MAYNARD ROYCE, Lord of Runestone, and Lady MAVIS ROYCE in the 209th year after Aegon's Landing, at Runestone. Blue of eye, blonde of hair. Murdered in her bed by a jealous suitor, BRAMMAX EGEN, in her seventeenth year.
- [cut off entry of Serena Royce] after Aegon's Landing, at Runestone. Green of eye, hair of auburn.[sic] Wed to Ser STENTEY HUNTER of House HUNTER at Longbow Hall. Mother to seven sons, their names being DAREON, SIMON, STEPHUS, MAYNARD, LIONEL, GILWOOD, and SAMWELL, and three daughters, their names being DORGAS, SANSA, and MILLICENT.
- DONAL ROYCE, third of his name, born to Ser DONAL ROYCE of Runestone, he having been the oldest younger brother of Lord Maynard Royce, and his good wife, PRISCILLA ROYCE in the 202nd year after Aegon's Landing at Runestone. Blue of eye, light brown of hair. Wed in his twenty-second year to CATHERINE HORNWOOD at Hornwood. Father to one son, he being stillborn, and six daughters, their names being MAVIS, PRUEA, PHILLIPPA, DANEALA, JUNIA, and LUNA.
- Wayrick ROYCE, first of his name, born to Ser DONAL ROYCE of Runestone and his good wife PRISCILLA ROYCE in the 205th year after Aegon’s Landing at Runestone. Green of eye, blonde of hair. Swore himself to the Brotherhood of the Night’s Watch in his eighteenth year. [Obscure]
Summary of family trees[]
House Umber[]
- Lord DARAGH, m. Lady MORAG UMBER,
- Lord HOTHOR (b. 162 AC) m. Lady AMARYLIS MANDERLY,
- HARKON (183–197 AC),
- Lady REGAN (186–256 AC) m. Lord TOMMARD KARSTARK
- MYCAH (190–225 AC),
- LUCAN (193–196 AC),
- Lord GARETH (196–256 AC) m. Lady HOLLYS TALLHART,
- BRANDON (b. 220 AC),
- Two sons and three daughters,
- KEAR (225–275 AC),
- FINN (227–271 AC) m. MARYA GREENLEAF,
- EMILIA (b. 228 AC) m. Ser JORE BLACKBROW,
- IAIN (230–270 AC) m. Lady ARWEN SWANN,
- IAIN,
- MORGANA (b. 232 AC),
- BRANDON (b. 220 AC),
- JOSETH (198–238 AC) m. Lady KATRINA CERWYN,
- CORIN (b. 200 AC).
- Lord HOTHOR (b. 162 AC) m. Lady AMARYLIS MANDERLY,
House Targaryen[]
- King VISERYS II (d. 172 AC), m. VISNEYA TARGARYEN,
- King AEGON IV (135–184 AC),
- m. Princess NAERYS TARGARYEN:
- King DAERON II (159–209 AC) m. Princess MYRIAH MARTELL,
- Princess DAENERYS (182–202 AC) m. Prince MARON MARTELL
- Stillborn
- sp. Princess DAENA TARGARYEN:
- DAEMON BLACKFYRE (170–196 AC) m. SERENA,
- AEGON BLACKFYRE (183–196 AC),
- AEMON BLACKFYRE (183–196 AC),
- DAEMON BLACKFYRE (b. 188 AC),
- DAEMON BLACKFYRE (170–196 AC) m. SERENA,
- sp. various mistresses:
- Ser AEGOR RIVERS,
- Lord BRYNDEN RIVERS,
- Lady SHIERA SEASTAR,
- Queen NAERYS, m. King AEGON IV TARGARYEN,
- Prince AEMON (140–180 AC).
- m. Princess NAERYS TARGARYEN:
- King AEGON IV (135–184 AC),
House Baratheon[]
- Lord ORYS, m. Princess ARGELLA DURRANDON,
- Lord AXEL (2–44 AC) m. Lady ALANNA PENROSE,
- Lord SERAC (5–73 AC) m. MONICA VELARYON,
- Lord WILLIAM (23–83 AC) m. MARTYNA MULLENDORE,
- REGINALD,
- STEFFON,
- PADRAIC (b. 29 AC),
- FLYNN,
- ETHELIDE (b. 7 AC) m. unidentified hedge knight,
- THERESA (b. 9 AC) m. Ser KEVAN,
- PETYR,
- Ser MYCHAL (11–41 AC).
House Royce[]
- Lord ROBAR, m. Lady DIANA ROYCE,
- Lord MAYNARD (182–220 AC) m. Lady MAVIS BELMORE,
- Lord ANDAR (205–273 AC), m. Lady ELENA EGEN,
- PAXTER (206–246 AC) m. Lady WYLLA WAYNWOOD,
- JUNIA (209–256),
- SERENA (b. 210 AC) m. Ser STENTEY HUNTER,
- Ser DONAL, m. PRISCILLA ROYCE,
- Lord MAYNARD (182–220 AC) m. Lady MAVIS BELMORE,
Behind the scenes[]
Since the book first appears in "Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things", the information in it was created by Bryan Cogman, who wrote that episode (though it later reappears in "A Golden Crown"). That is, the contents were not an invention of the art department: Cogman created all of the information in the prop book, then Jim Stanes physically copied what Cogman wrote into the prop itself, in medieval handwriting.
As Cogman explained, he created entries for four noble houses, two pages each, for a total of eight pages of content (the rest is just repeats of this or blank pages). The families were House Umber, House Royce, House Targaryen, and House Baratheon. Ned Stark reads aloud from the Umber entry in episode 104, and from the Baratheon entry in 106. Bits of the Targaryen entry can be seen as Ned leafs through the book. Cogman explained that in the original draft of the episode there was "a bit from House Royce" as well, but it was cut, as was another scene with the Targaryen entry (by "a bit", he might have meant a point when Ned actually reads part of an entry aloud).
Cogman stated that he used as many reference sources as possible, searching through both the books and researching Westeros.org's A Wiki of Ice and Fire. There are large gaps in the history of the story, however, for which Cogman simply had to make names up - i.e. it's possible that even George R.R. Martin has not currently planned out the entire lineage of House Umber from the Targaryen Conquest to the present, though the royal Targaryen lineage is better detailed in the books. For the minor names he had to make up, Cogman said he snuck in a few in-jokes using names derived from fan messageboards. He also said it was fun coming up with various diverse ways that minor characters had died.[5]
The prop contains some errors, such as ascribing Aemon the Dragonknight to House Blackfyre rather than House Targaryen, listing Steffon Baratheon's father as Lyonel Baratheon rather than Ormund Baratheon (who had not yet been introduced in the book series by the time Season 1 was filming), and giving Joffrey and Tommen Baratheon the same year of birth.
In the books[]
In the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, The Lineages and Histories of the Great Houses of the Seven Kingdoms, With Descriptions of Many High Lords and Noble Ladies and Their Children is an old book written by Grand Maester Malleon. It doesn't mention the current Baratheons or Lannisters, but it mentions that throughout written history all Baratheons have been black-haired and that, likewise, every recorded union between Baratheon and Lannister has produced black-haired children.