Science and technology

"The finest artilleters and blacksmiths in King's Landing have been laboring day and night, Your Grace."

―Qyburn informs Cersei Lannister of technological advances of weaponry in preparation for Daenerys Targaryen's war for Westeros.

The developmental level of science and technology in Westeros, and the known world as a whole, is roughly comparable to real-life late medieval levels.

General

Author George R.R. Martin has stated that the storyline in his A Song of Ice and Fire novels is partially (and loosely) inspired by the Wars of the Roses, the dynastic conflict that occurred in England intermittently between 1455 and 1487, following the country's defeat in the Hundred Years' War, as well as Maurice Druon's novels ''The Accursed Kings" about the history of the French Kings and the events which led to the Hundred Year's War. Just as the Wars of the Roses were fought between the Yorks and Lancasters, the conflict in Game of Thrones is between the Starks and Lannisters. The technology level in their society more or less matches late medieval Europe, i.e. right before the use of gunpowder and cannons revolutionized medieval warfare and brought it into the Early Modern era.

Despite the trickery of the Qartheen warlocks, the presence of magic in the known world is still majorly debated.

Magic was prevalent in the world in the long-distant past, but for many centuries, magical power has dwindled in the world, as has knowledge of its use. While a handful of odd cults still believe in magic, such as the Alchemists' Guild and Warlocks of Qarth, they can do little to substantiate their claims. The general population considers magic to have never existed at all and to be simply mythical; a view promoted by the Order of Maesters, who champion a world based on science and reason, and scorn the very idea of magic. The mighty Valyrian Freehold was built using the powerful dragons, who were rumored to share a deep link with magic. However, most dragons were killed in the Doom of Valyria four hundred years before the narrative of Game of Thrones begins, and even the last dragons which belonged to House Targaryen died almost two centuries ago (largely used up in a Targaryen civil war).

Science and technology have not significantly advanced in the past several centuries. Recorded history is indeed vastly longer in the fantasy world than in real-life. For example the Valyrian Freehold existed for an astonishing five thousand years before its fall. Written history in Westeros began with the Andal Invasion six thousand years ago, albeit much of this is fragmentary and biased (see main article "Timeline"). It is possible that in earlier ages when magic was more prevalent, there was less drive to innovate new tools with science, leaving technology levels static for many centuries. Even so, while the general rule holds that gunpowder has not been discovered, there is not a one-for-one correspondence between the technology level in the real-life Middle Ages and the fantasy world of Westeros. For example, certain medical knowledge is much more advanced and accurate in Westeros than it was in the Middle Ages (partially because certain discoveries in history have been accidental, i.e. penicillin, not the culmination of a long aggregation of previous discoveries). The people in Westeros and beyond are also capable of producing vast feats of architecture, such as the Red Keep in King's Landing, without the use of magic at all.

Maesters generally excel in matters of technology, medicine and historical evidence.

Martin has stated that medical knowledge is officially more advanced in Westeros than in the real-life Middle Ages:

"I made a deliberate decision when the books began to have the maesters, and have Westeros in general, have better medical knowledge than the real-life Middle Ages. Mostly because I didn't want everybody dying at twenty-six. So it is generally improved, the maesters have improved the standard of hygiene, and they understand certain practices, and they can do things better. Also, they have magic."

While this might seem incongruent with the otherwise static medieval level of technology in Westeros, much of real-life medical knowledge was discovered purely through trial and error (or even by accident, such as the discovery of antibiotics). The maesters might not know the underlying, theoretical reasons behind illnesses (what bacteria and viruses are), but they have accumulated a more advanced level of functional medical knowledge for practical purposes, such as what herb mixtures will heal infections, better surgical procedures, etc.

Medicine

See main article "Medicine"

Military Technology

See main article "Armament"

Military technology in Westeros and Essos is loosely comparable to the kinds used during the real-life Hundred Years' War and Wars of the Roses. Crossbows are prevalent, though they have not superseded longbows, which are also quite common on the battlefield (again, much like the 1400s in real-life northwestern Europe). Various kinds of advanced siege weapons such as catapults are employed. Horse cavalry are widely used, and some regions of Essos are known to use mounted elephants. Heavy cavalry, using mounted knights in full plate armor, is a mainstay of the battlefield, though they are more commonly fielded by the wealthier regions of Westeros (i.e. the Reach or the Westerlands), while the poorer kingdoms (such as the North or the Iron Islands) make do with chain mail instead of full plate armor. Many armies frequently make use of different kinds of mercenaries.

Valyrian steel is considered to be of the highest quality.

Valyrian steel is a type of metal forged in the once-mighty Valyrian Freehold, used to make swords that are exceptionally sharp and tremendously strong. The knowledge of how to create Valyrian steel was lost in the fall of Valyria four hundred years ago, making the few surviving Valyrian steel swords incredibly rare and expensive. Valyrian steel is rumored to have been forged with the aid of magic spells and dragon-fire.

"Wildfire" has become synonymous with Aerys II Targaryen.

Gunpowder does not exist in the medieval fantasy world of Westeros. They do possess Wildfire, a highly flammable and explosive, napalm-like substance: the Alchemists' Guild refuses to divulge how wildfire is created, but claim that it is done with magical spells (a claim dismissed by others, particularly the maesters). Even so, Wildfire is similar to real life "Greek fire", which was actually used by the Byzantine Empire in medieval times, and thus was actually a technology known to medieval peoples (and thus not entirely out of keeping for a medieval setting). Dragons were, of course, used in warfare, but they are more of a magic-based fantasy creature. Moreover, the last known dragons in the world died out two hundred years ago, largely due to many of them being used up in a Targaryen civil war known as the Dance of Dragons, in which dragons were used to kill other dragons. Thus, dragons have not been used on the battlefield in two centuries.

Ships

See main article "Ships"

The Iron Fleet in regarded as the most powerful Westerosi naval force.

From great war galleys such as Stannis Baratheon’s flagship Fury, to the longships of the Iron Fleet, to Davos Seaworth’s humble smuggling ship Black Betha, numerous ships of many different kinds sail the waters around Westeros and beyond. Some belong to pirates, or can be hired as sellsails in wars, such the fleet of thirty pirate ships commanded by the Lyseni sellsail Salladhor Saan.

Currency

See main article "Currency"

Several different types of currency are used in the world's various economies.

The Seven Kingdoms of Westeros have a uniform system of coinage based on the "Gold Dragon" coin. The different cities and nations across the Narrow Sea on Essos use their own various local currencies.

Books and writing

Different societies have their own writing systems. The main one encountered is the one used for the Common Tongue of the Andals throughout Westeros. The Andals introduced the first full writing system to Westeros: the First Men before them only used a basic rune script for the Old Tongue which was only used for basic inscriptions on grave markers, etc. The Dothraki do not have a written language. In the novels, it is stated that the Valyrian languages in the Free Cities and Slaver's Bay have their own glyph-based writing systems, but no attempt has been made to represent this in the TV series.

The novels refer to characters in Westeros using both "parchment" (made from animal skins) and "paper" (made from wood pulp). This is not incongruous to the setting: paper was introduced to real life Western Europe as early as the twelfth century, though it did not surpass use of parchment for many centuries. Generally, parchment was still used for important documents - legal charters, important diplomatic messages, etc. - while paper was a cheap, less durable alternative. Given that Westeros is loosely based on the Wars of the Roses in England during the late 1400s, it is not contradictory that their society uses a mix of paper or parchment for different tasks. Paper seems to be often used for more common tasks: the messages sent via the raven network are described as being written on little scrolls of "paper" - paper is thinner and lighter than parchment so it is probably easier to roll, easier to fit more writing on each roll, and easier for the birds to carry.

Cersei Lannister orders the surrender of Jon Snow via royal correspondence.

More important hand-delivered messages tend to be written on parchment, particularly royal decrees from King's Landing. Most if not all books are made out of parchment, not paper: books are usually commissioned or hand-copied and thus more like luxury items, so anyone commissioning one will have it made of high quality. They don't have cheap mass-produced paper books.

No mention has been made of printing press technology, and it apparently doesn't exist in Westeros (and probably not in Essos either). The printing press was only introduced in real-life Medieval Europe in the mid-1400s and took time to be implemented, again matching the general historical period of the setting. It is unknown if other societies use earlier forms of printing, such as wood-block printing, etc.

See also "Books"

• The Lineages and Histories of the Great Houses of the Seven Kingdoms
• Lives of Four Kings
• The Book of Brothers
• The Seven-Pointed Star
• An History of Aegon the Conqueror and His Conquest of Westeros
• An History of the Great Sieges of Westeros
• The History of the Greater and the Lesser Houses
• The Life and Adventures of Elyo Grivas, First Sword of Braavos

Songs

See also "Songs"

These are songs that appear within the fictional universe of the Game of Thrones TV series. That is, these are songs which the characters themselves know about, and which people might sing on-screen, as opposed to background music which only appears in the soundtracks (though sometimes, songs characters sing on-screen are subsequently used in the soundtracks).

• The Rains of Castamere
• The Bear and the Maiden Fair
• Gentle Mother, Font of Mercy
• It's Always Summer Under the Sea
• The Dornishman's Wife
• Hands of Gold
• Jenny of Oldstones

Games

See also "Games"

Games, sports, board games, etc.:

• Cyvasse - a board game
• Fighting pits - in Slaver's Bay
• Tournaments - in Westeros

Measurement

Measurements in the Seven Kingdoms in both the books and TV series are given in imperial measurements. As they are a medieval society, their systems of measurements, weights, and coinage grew haphazardly out of local customs instead of any rational basis. For example, the Wall is 300 miles long and 700–800 feet tall: converted to the metric system for the benefit of some viewers, the Wall is 482 kilometers long and between 213 and 244 meters tall.

Weights are rarely mentioned in the TV series, but it has been said that "pounds, tons, and ounces" are used to measure them. These are also non-metric units, as "kilograms" do not exist as a unit in Westeros (in the books, the old non-metric unit of "stones" is also used - one "stone" equals about 14 pounds).

Smaller distances can be measured in yards.

Animals and Plants

See main article "Animals and plants"

Several notable animal and plant species exist in Westeros and the known world. Some of these have no real world counterparts, but many are based on ice age megafauna which did exist in real-life, but went extinct thousands of years ago. On the whole, it is very unusual to encounter animals that are significantly different than encountered in real-life medieval Europe and the Near East. A few animals have no one-for-one counterpart with real life ones, i.e. shadowcats are common animals, somewhere in size between a cougar and a tiger but not exactly like either. In general, however, even direwolves are a very rare and unusual animal for the inhabitants of Westeros to encounter, in keeping with George R.R. Martin’s attempts to create a more realistic, gritty fantasy world.

Animals

• Dragons - winged reptiles of tremendous age and ferocity, capable of breathing fire. Originated in the east and enslaved by the Valyrians, who used them to forge their empire. Most dragons were destroyed in the Doom four centuries ago, leaving the few possessed by House Targaryen as the only surviving dragons in the world, which they used in their invasion of Westeros. The last Targaryen dragons died over 150 years ago. The skulls of more than a dozen dragons are kept in the Red Keep.
• Direwolves – a larger cousin of regular wolves, only found north of the Wall. In the south, they are considered near-mythical. Occasional sightings of direwolves have been reported by the Night's Watch, but at the time the series starts there have been no confirmed sightings south of the Wall for centuries.
• Horses - A common animal bred all over Westeros, commonly used as methods of transport.
• Krakens - massive cephalopods that stalk the world's oceans. So rare that they are largely held to be mythical, though sailors occasionally report seeing them. Taken as the sigil of House Greyjoy.
• Mammoths - large woolly pachyderms who dwell in the far north beyond the Wall in Westeros. Giants ride mammoths as war mounts.
• Manticores - extremely poisonous lobster-sized scorpion-like insects, whose venom causes death the instant it reaches the heart through the bloodstream. Native to the jungles of islands in the Jade Sea, they have been imported throughout the world by assassins and can be found in various animal menageries.
• Ravens - trained messenger-ravens are used as part of a widespread communications network that links all of the major cities and holdfasts in the Seven Kingdoms.
• Shadowcats – large feline predators, found throughout Westeros but most notably in mountainous terrain such as the Vale of Arryn. Bigger than a cougar, but smaller than a tiger.

Plants

• Weirwood - a species of deciduous tree found all over Westeros; it has white bark with five-pointed, blood-red leaves and sap. Weirwoods are focal points of worship for followers of the Old Gods of the Forest.

See also

• Science and technology on A Wiki of Ice and Fire
• Science and technology on Wikipedia