Small council

The small council is a body which advises the King of the Seven Kingdoms and institutes policy at his command. It is the inner (thus "small") council of the King, effectively forming the government cabinet of the Seven Kingdoms. Members are appointed to their position by the King; theoretically they can be dismissed at will by the King, however in practice this might lead to undesirable political fallout. Either the King or his Hand, or the Regent should the King be a minor, chairs the council and takes note of its recommendations. The Hand is the head of the council and serves as the king's proxy when he is not present. Only the King can make the council's decisions into law.

Composition
Members of the Small Council are appointed and dismissed by the King, in theory as the King wills. In practice, of course, appointments or dismissals may have undesired political consequences which the King must consider.

The Small Council usually consists of seven non-hereditary positions (possibly to reflect the traditions of the Faith of the Seven). Long vacancies sometimes occur for one of these positions, i.e. during time of war, though this is considered undesirable. The King may also appoint others to sit on the council's meetings in addition to these seven members, though the new members would have no official title.


 * Hand of the King: chairs the Small Council, serves as the King's proxy during his absences.
 * Grand Maester: the maester assigned to the Red Keep, and thus to the realm. Like all assignments, the Grand Maester is appointed by the Conclave. While controversial, the King and the Hand of the King have the authority to exclude the Grand Maester from the Small Council and even imprison him, but cannot replace him.
 * Master of Coin: the realm's chief treasurer and bookkeeper.
 * Master of Whisperers : the realm's chief intelligence officer, supervising covert activities and information gathering, both at home and abroad.
 * Master of Laws: the realm's chief legal advisor, who also manages the Red Keep's dungeons, and supervises law enforcement.
 * Master of Ships: the realm's chief naval officer, supervising the the Royal Fleet and coordinating Westeros's maritime defenses.
 * Lord Commander of the Kingsguard: the realm's chief military advisor, particularly in regards to land-based warfare.
 * If the Regent of an underage King does not already possess one of these positions, then they are included in the Small Council as the King's proxy.

Under Aerys II Targaryen
The positions and members of the King's small council under Aerys II Targaryen, the Mad King, included:


 * The Hand of the King: Lord Tywin Lannister served as Aerys' Hand for twenty years, during which he held the realm together during Aerys' spiral into insanity. Tywin resigned in protest some years before the end of Aerys' reign.
 * Grand Maester: Pycelle
 * Master of Whisperers: Varys

The identities of all the members of Aerys' small council have not been revealed. Apart from Tywin, Varys was appointed Master of Whisperers during Aerys Targaryen's reign. Grand Maester Pycelle held his position even before Aerys ascended to the throne. Wisdom Rossart, a pyromancer, was made Hand of the King, during the final weeks of Robert's Rebellion. Varys and Pycelle would retain their positions after Robert Baratheon ascended to the Iron Throne. However, the men who were Aerys' Masters of Coin, Law, and Ships did not retain their positions under Robert.

Under Robert Baratheon
The positions and members of the King's small council under Robert I are:


 * The Hand of the King:
 * Lord Jon Arryn, Lord of the Eyrie, Lord Paramount of the Vale, and Warden of the East. Appointed to the position when Robert ascended to the throne, and retained it for most of Robert's subsequent seventeen year reign.
 * Lord Eddard Stark, Lord of Winterfell, Lord Paramount and Warden of the North. Chosen to replace Jon Arryn after the former's sudden death, serving during the last few months of King Robert's reign.
 * Grand Maester: Pycelle.
 * Master of Coin: Lord Petyr Baelish, known as "Littlefinger".
 * Master of Whisperers: Varys, known as "the Spider".
 * Master of Laws: Lord Renly Baratheon, Lord of Storm's End.
 * Master of Ships: Lord Stannis Baratheon, Lord of Dragonstone.

Traditionally, as Lord Commander of the Kingsguard, Ser Barristan Selmy would've had a sit in the small council. However, because Barristan had been a Kingsguard for Aerys Targaryen, Robert didn't like to include him in discussions of strategy, so he usually held small council meetings without him. Barristan didn't mind being left out, because he didn't enjoy politics.

Under Joffrey Baratheon
The positions and members of the King's small council under Joffrey I are:
 * Queen Regent Cersei Lannister, King Joffrey's mother.
 * The Hand of the King: Lord Tyrion Lannister, serving as acting Hand in stead of his father Tywin Lannister, who while named Hand of the King was busy personally directing the war in the Riverlands).
 * Grand Maester: Pycelle. Removed by Tyrion and imprisoned in the dungeons of the Red Keep. However, Tyrion did not have the authority to replace him.
 * Master of Coin: Lord Petyr Baelish.
 * Master of Whisperers: Varys.
 * Master of Laws: (Vacant)
 * Master of Ships: (Vacant)

After the Battle of the Blackwater, Tywin Lannister re-assumed his duties as the Hand, while Petyr Baelish was named Lord of Harrenhal and departed for the Vale of Arryn to woo Lady Lysa Arryn into a marriage-alliance and secure the Vale's loyalty to the Iron Throne. Tyrion Lannister, who had been relieved of his position as acting Hand, was then promoted back to Master of Coin to fill Baelish's absence. As a display of his dominance, Tywin decided to start holding council meetings in the Tower of the Hand, adjacent to his own chambers. The composition of Joffrey's small council after the Battle of the Blackwater includes:


 * The Hand of the King: Lord Tywin Lannister, Lord Paramount of the Westerlands, Lord of Casterly Rock, and Warden of the West, King Joffrey's grandfather.
 * Queen Regent Cersei Lannister, King Joffrey's mother.
 * Grand Maester: Pycelle. Reinstated by Tywin Lannister after the Battle of the Blackwater.
 * Master of Coin: Lord Tyrion Lannister
 * Master of Whisperers: Varys.
 * Master of Laws: (Vacant)
 * Master of Ships: (Vacant)

In the books
In the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, the small council was the creation of King Aegon I, assembled to advise him and carry out policy. The small council is similar to a privy council in real-life medieval monarchies.

In the novels the council has an additional member: the Lord Commander of the Kingsguard, who advises the King on various matters, particularly military ones. In the TV series, Barristan Selmy is never shown to be a member, the reason is explained in the Season 3 episode "Kissed by Fire". The reason for this was apparently due to the decision to have Barristan openly reveal his identity to Daenerys Targaryen as soon as he meets her. In the books, he initially hid his true identity, and told her his name was "Arstan Whitebeard". Because Barristan did attend Small Council meetings in the first novel, he knew that Jorah Mormont had been spying on Daenerys for Varys and King Robert. Because he was hiding his identity, however, he did not reveal this information as soon as he met Daenerys. In the TV version, Barristan does reveal his identity to Daenerys as soon as he meets her, probably because it is easy to make such a narrative deception in a book but this doesn't translate well into the visual medium of television. This of course means that if Barristan knew of Jorah's spying from attending Small Council meetings (in Season 1), there would be no reason for him not to reveal Jorah's spying to Daenerys when he first meets her at the beginning of Season 3. The simple answer the writers apparently settled on is to say that in the TV continuity, Barristan rarely attended Small Council meetings, because King Robert didn't like having a Targaryen loyalist around when he was discussing the realm's strategies (specifically, to send assassins to kill the Targaryen exiles - in the books, Barristan objected to this along with Ned Stark).

The Commander of the City Watch is not, strictly speaking, a position in the Small Council, however the Commander frequently attends Small Council meetings to report on conditions in the capital city. Janos Slynt is given an official seat on the council as one of his rewards for the role he played in the betrayal and arrest of Eddard Stark, however, Tywin Lannister considers this preposterous when he hears of it due to Janos' common-born status. Indeed, one of Tywin's specific instructions to Tyrion when he sent him to King's Landing as acting Hand was to remove Janos from the council. In the TV series, it is implied that Tyrion's disgust at Janos' involvement in the purge of Robert's bastard children was the sole reason that he removed Janos, and no specific mention is made of Tywin's instructions. In the books, Tyrion was also disgusted at Janos' actions, but this just gave him greater impetus to carry out his father's instructions (either way, Tyrion removes Janos in the TV series soon after he arrives in King's Landing; in the books as well, he didn't kick him out immediately simply because he had other matters to attend to first).

The council may on occasion extend invitations to other lords to occupy a seat on the council, despite there being no actual "office" for them to fill (serving as advisors who function as ministers without portfolio).

After Tywin Lannister resumes his post as Hand of the King after the Battle of the Blackwater, his dismisses his daughter Cersei from the Small Council. Technically as Queen Regent she still has some right to be there, and in practice Tywin does have her physically sit at several important council meetings when he is explaining his plans. However, Tywin makes it clear that he will not let Cersei wield power under him, and when she is present at the council it is just so she can hear Tywin's plans so she can quietly obey them: he doesn't let her take a leading role in the council's discussions. Similarly, in the TV series, Cersei is still shown physically sitting at Small Council meetings, but for the most part she sits silently as her father leads the discussion.