Faith Militant raid on the Red Keep

"A few of the Faith Miitant's more... militant members, even scaled the walls of the castle, and would have slain the king and his family, had a knight of the Kingsguard not intervened. Frightened, the king fled to Dragonstone, where he soon died of cramps."

- High Sparrow

The Faith Militant raid on the Red Keep was the opening event of the Faith Militant uprising.

Prelude
When Aegon I Targaryen conquered and united the Seven Kingdoms, he was married to both of his sisters in Valyrian custom - contrary to the strict prohibitions of the Faith of the Seven against Incest. Nonetheless the Iron Throne and the Faith each tacitly agreed that Aegon I's incestuous marriages were a relic of the past which would not be continued by the new Targaryen dynasty in Westeros.

After Aegon I's death his son Aenys Targaryen ascended the throne and all seemed to be well. To the surprise of all, however, later in his reign King Aenys tactlessly wed his daughter to his own son. The incestuous marriage of Princess Rhaena and Prince Aegon broke the Targaryens' prior promise to the Faith, which could stand the abomination no longer. The new High Septon led the denunciation of the Targaryens, and the military order of the Faith of the Seven, the Faith Militant, rose up in open revolt.

Attack
The Faith Militant rose up throughout the streets of King's Landing - seizing, scourging, and killing Septon Murmison, who had performed the wedding ceremony between Aenys's son and daughter.

Several bold members of the Faith Militant even attempted to assassinate Aenys and the royal family by scaling the walls of the Red Keep (which was still under construction and thus easy to breach). They came very close to succeeding, but Aenys was saved by his Kingsguard led by Ser Raymont Baratheon.

Aftermath
While the Faith Militant on Aenys's life was foiled, its strategic effects were still significant. The weak-willed Aenys grew terrified after the assault, and realized that the half-finished Red Keep could not withstand a dedicated siege. Rather than calling his armies or attempting to refortify his position, the terrified Aenys simply abandoned the King's Landing entirely, fleeing back to the ancestral Targaryen fortress on Dragonstone island. At a stroke, Aenys simply let his own capital city fall into rebel hands. His health soon failed from the pressure, and in a few weeks he died on Dragonstone from cramps brought on by the stress.